{{Short description|National anthem of Spain}}
{{redirect|Royal March|the former Italian anthem|Marcia Reale{{!}}''Marcia Reale''}}
{{redirect|Viva España|the song also known as Y Viva España or Que Viva España|Eviva España}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{lang|es|Marcha Real}}
| english_title = Royal March
| image         = La Marcha Granadera (1761).jpg
| image_size    = 
| en_alt_title  = "The Grenadier March"
| alt_title     = "{{lang|es|italic=no|La Marcha Granadera}}"
| alt_title_2   = 
| en_alt_title_2 = 
| caption       = 1761 sheet music
| prefix        = National
| country       = [[Spain]]
| author        = 
| lyrics_date   = 
| composer      = {{ill|Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros|es}}
| music_date    = {{Start date and age|1761}},<ref>https://www.europeanasounds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/partitura1-700x546.jpg{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{ill|Bartolomé Pérez Casas|es}} (orchestration, 1908), [[Francisco Grau]] (harmonization, 1997)
| adopted       = 3 September 1770
| readopted     = 1823, 1874, July 1942
| until         = 7 April 1822, 1873, 9 December 1931
| sound         = Himno Nacional de España.ogg
| sound_title   = {{lang|es|Marcha Real}} (instrumental)
}}
{{Listen
| filename     = Marcha Real (1915).ogg
| title        = 1915 recording
| description  = 1915 rendition recorded at [[Odeon Records]], Barcelona
| filename2    = Marcha Real-Royal March by US Navy Band.ogg
| title2       = 1998 recording
| description2 = 1998 rendition performed by the [[United States Navy Band]]
}}

The '''{{lang|es|Marcha Real}}''' ({{IPA-es|ˈmaɾtʃa reˈal}}; {{lit|Royal March}}) is the [[national anthem]] of [[Spain]]. It is one of only four national anthems in the world – along with those of [[National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Inno Nazionale della Repubblica|San Marino]] and [[Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]] – that have no official lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalanthems.me/spain-marcha-real/|title=Spain – Marcha Real|publisher=NationalAnthems.me|access-date=2011-11-23}}</ref> Although many different lyrics have been made for it in the past, it has never had official lyrics as a national anthem.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/01/11/espana/1200042107.html|title=Las otras letras del himno &#124; elmundo.es|website=www.elmundo.es}}</ref>
[[File:Marcha Real- recorded in year 1998.ogg|thumb|A 1960s rendition to La Marcha Real the National anthem of Spain.]]
==History==
One of the oldest in the world, the Spanish national anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled {{lang|es|Libro de la Ordenanza de los Toques de Pífanos y Tambores que se tocan nuevamente en la Ynfantª Española}} (''Book of the Ordinance of Newly Played Military [[Fife (musical instrument)|Fife]] and [[Drum]] Calls by The Spanish Infantry''), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled {{lang|es|La Marcha Granadera}} ({{Lang-en|March of the [[Grenadier]]s}}). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer.  

There is a misconception that its author was [[Frederick II of Prussia]], a great lover of music. That mistaken belief arose in 1861 when it was       published as fact in the periodical {{lang|es|La España militar}} (''Military Spain''). In 1864, Col. Antonio Vallecillo published the story in the diary {{lang|es|El Espíritu Público}} (''The Public Spirit''), claiming a supposed Prussian origin for {{lang|es|Marcha Real}}. According to Vallecillo, the anthem was a gift from Frederick II to the [[Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor|Count of Colomera]], who was serving in the [[Prussian Court]] to learn the military tactics developed by Frederick II's army, under orders of King [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]]. In 1868, this spurious history was published in {{lang|es|Los Sucesos}}, changing the beneficiary of the gift to the [[Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda|Count of Aranda]]. The myth was picked up in different publications of 1884 and 1903 until it was included in 1908 in the {{lang|es|[[Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana|Enciclopedia Espasa]]}}.

In 1770, Charles III declared the {{lang|es|Marcha de Granaderos}} the official Honor March, an act that formalized the tradition of playing it in public, especially on solemn occasions. It became the official Spanish anthem during [[Isabel II of Spain|Isabel II]]'s reign.

In 1870, after the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|1868 Revolution]], [[Juan Prim, 1st Count of Reus|General Juan Prim]] organized a national contest to create a new official state anthem, and a jury consisting of three well-known composers was chosen to designate a winning entry. Although over 400 compositions were submitted, including those written by the young composers [[Federico Chueca]], [[Ruperto Chapí]] and [[Tomás Bretón]], a new anthem was never selected. After extensive deliberations, the jury had advised that {{lang|es|Marcha de Granaderos}} was already considered the country's official anthem, and the contest was suspended.<ref name="Caminero2019">{{cite book|author=Francisco Javier Molero Caminero|title=Hasta aquí hemos llegado: Recopilación histórica de la vieja piel de toro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPujDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA487|date=26 June 2019|publisher=Punto Rojo Libros S.L.|isbn=978-84-17988-93-7|page=487|language=es-ES}}</ref> By [[Alfonso XIII]]'s time, the Royal Circular Order of 27 August 1908 established the musical score orchestrated by Bartolomé Pérez Casas, Superior musician of the Royal Corps of Halberdier Guards, as the official version; it is known traditionally as the ''Grenadier March'' or the ''Royal Spanish March''. During the Spanish [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]] the {{lang|es|[[Himno de Riego]]}} was adopted as the anthem of the republic.<ref name="Mateos2010">{{cite book|author=María del Rosario Ruiz Mateos|title=Manual de Protocolo General. Formación para el Empleo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TutCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|date=21 October 2010|publisher=EDITORIAL CEP|isbn=978-84-681-8473-9|page=81}}</ref>

The current symphonic version of the {{lang|es|Marcha Real}} that replaced the Pérez Casas one was written by maestro [[Francisco Grau]] and is the official one after the Royal Decree of 10 October 1997, when the Kingdom of Spain bought the author rights of the {{lang|es|Marcha Real}}, then belonging to Pérez Casas's heirs. According to the Royal Decree 1560/1997, it should be in the key of B-flat major and a tempo of 76 bpm (♩=76), with a form of AABB and a duration of 52 seconds.

==Current version==
The current official version of {{lang|es|Marcha Real}}, as described in Royal Decree 1560/1997,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional|journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado|date=11 October 1997|volume=1997|issue=244|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1997-21605}}</ref> is a sixteen-bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars (AABB form). Tempo is set to ♩= 76 and key to B-flat.

The long, complete version is the [[honors music]] for the [[King of Spain|King]], while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the [[Princess of Asturias]], the [[President of the Government of Spain]], or during sporting events.

There are also three official arrangements: one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by [[Francisco Grau]] and requested by the [[Government of Spain]]. All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by the [[Spanish National Orchestra]] and the [[Musical Unit of the Spanish Royal Guard|Spanish Royal Guard Band]] as an official recording and released on [[compact disc]] for a limited period of time.

===Copyright issues===
As the harmonisation of {{lang|es|Marcha Real}} was written by Pérez Casas in the early 20th century, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas' estate in 1997 for 130 million [[Spanish peseta|pesetas]] (781,315.734 [[euros]]) to avoid future legal problems.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Real Decreto 1543/1997, de 3 de octubre, sobre adquisición por el Estado de los derechos de explotación de determinadas obras musicales y encomienda de su administración al Ministerio de Educación y Cultura|journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado|date=10 October 1997|volume=1997|issue=243|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1997-21524}}</ref> Until it expires, the copyright belongs to the [[Ministry of Culture (Spain)|Ministry of Culture]] and [[collecting society|collecting societies]] charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/suplementos/cronica/2007/604/1180216804.html "El himno da aún mucho dinero"]. Crónica. #604. May 27, 2007. <br />
[http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/24por7.php/2007/05/27/himno_nacional_propiedad_derechos_4569 "Cuando el himno es de un particular"]. Periodista Digital. May 27, 2007.</ref>

As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 [[Francisco Grau]] revision were transferred to the government at no charge, but they were not placed in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Real Decreto 2027/1998, de 18 de septiembre, de aceptación de la cesión gratuita efectuada por el maestro don Francisco Grau Vergara de los derechos de explotación por la revisión y orquestación del Himno Nacional y atribución de la administración de tales derechos al Ministerio de Educación y Cultura|journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado|date=29 September 1998|volume=1998|issue=233|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1998-22549}}</ref>

==Music==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="600" perrow="1">
File:Marcha_Real_de_España.pdf|Piano sheet music of {{lang|es|Marcha Real}}
</gallery>

==Lyrics==
Though the {{lang|es|Marcha Real}} has no official lyrics, words have been written and used for it in the past. One version was used during [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]]'s reign and another during [[Francoist Spain|the Francoist State]]; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978 when lyrics that had been approved by [[Francisco Franco|General Francisco Franco]] were abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elkington |first=Mark |title=Divisive national anthem lyrics ditched |work=Reuters |date=January 16, 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSN1610811820080116 |access-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref> Occasionally the Francoist lyrics have been erroneously performed after their abandonment.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Joe |last=Curtis |url=https://www.cityam.com/italian-choir-mistakenly-sings-franco-era-national-anthem/ |title=Italian choir mistakenly sings Franco-era national anthem to the King of Spain |work=City AM |date=2019-05-08 |accessdate=2023-03-07}}</ref>

===Lyrics competition===
After witnessing a rendition of ''[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]'' at [[Anfield]] in 2007, the President of the [[Spanish Olympic Committee]] (COE), Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to {{lang|es|La Marcha Real}} ahead of [[Madrid bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics|Madrid's bid]] to host the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]].<ref>[http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/070605/2/sufb.html Liverpool fans help inspire Spain to write words to anthem] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202174214/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/070605/2/sufb.html |date=2008-02-02 }} Reuters, 5 June 2007</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19442872 Spain to add lyrics to wordless national anthem] [[NBC News]], 26 June 2007</ref><ref>"Lost for Words", ''The Economist'', Vol 384 Number 8539.</ref> That same year [[Telecinco]], enticed by the COE, organized a national contest and posted 25 different lyrics on their website which they thought best matched COE's requirements. The winner was chosen, although only 40,000 people voted. The lyrics by [[Enrique Hernández-Luike]], magazine publisher and poet, spoke of freedom, peace and the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hoycinema.abc.es/noticias-cine/20070718/concurso-para-poner-letra-151869.html|title=El concurso para poner letra al Himno Nacional de la web de Telecinco ya tiene ganador|language=es|date=July 18, 2007|publisher=[[Diario ABC]]|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref> The winning lyrics were sung by the Ronda de Aranzueque choir in Pastrana, and filmed by German television.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lacronica.net/una-nueva-letra-para-el-himno-nacional-se-pone-de-largo-21688.htm|title=El concurso para poner letra al Himno Nacional de la web de Telecinco ya tiene ganador|language=es|date=September 20, 2007|publisher=La Crónica de Guadalajara|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref> However, the COE organized a new competition for the lyrics, which resulted in between 2,000 and 7,000 entries (depending on source). A private team of jurors chose the entry by Paulino Cubero, then unemployed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/01/11/espana/1200036736.html|title='¡Viva España! Cantemos todos juntos con distinta voz y un solo corazón'|language=es|publisher=[[Unidad Editorial]]|date=January 11, 2008|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref> The new lyrics received criticism, resulting in them being pulled only five days later, and the idea was scrapped indefinitely.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2008/01/16/actualidad/1200475018_850215.html|title=El himno de España vuelve a quedarse sin letra|author=Garrido,Héctor M.|language=es|publisher=[[Grupo PRISA]]|date=January 16, 2008|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref> 

A number of the [[autonomous communities of Spain]] have their [[Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain|own regional anthems]].

==Former lyrics==
===Lyrics during Alfonso XIII's reign===
These lyrics were written by [[Eduardo Marquina]] (1879–1946) on the occasion of Alfonso XIII's silver wedding anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/archivo/periodicos/abc-madrid-19270517-3.html|title=ABC MADRID 17-05-1927 página 3 - Archivo ABC|date=August 5, 2019|website=abc}}</ref> They were never made official.<ref name="auto"/>
<poem lang="es" style="margin-right:2em; float:left;">'''La bandera de España''' (Coro)
Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria,
soberana luz
que es oro en tu Pendón.
Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria,
que en tus ojos es
abierto corazón...!
Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal;
en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están.
Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr;
Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán.

'''España guiadora''' (Solo)
¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos
donde quieras tú;
que honrarlo es nuestra ley!
¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos,
porque vivas tú,
sin tregua pueblo y rey!
Una bandera gloriosa nos das;
¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará!
Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir,
¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!

'''¡Viva España!...''' (Coro)
¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria,
la explosión triunfal
abrió camino al sol;
¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos
y al hablar dan fe
del ánimo español...
¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín
su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe!
¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin,
al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!</poem>

<poem style="float:left;">'''[[Flag of Spain]]''' (Chorus)
Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland
sovereign light
which in your standard is gold.
Life, life, future of the Fatherland,
in your eyes it is
an open heart
Purple and gold: immortal flag;
in your colors, together, flesh and soul are.
Purple and gold: to want and to achieve;
You are, flag, the sign of human effort.

'''Spain guiding''' (Solo)
Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take
anywhere you want;
because honoring it is our law!
Command us, Spain, and united we will fight,
so that you may live,
relentless people and king!
You give us a glorious flag;
Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us!
So that, one day, we can be covered by it,
Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!

'''Long live Spain! ...''' (Chorus)
Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland,
the triumphant explosion
Has opened the way to the sun;
Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples
and when they speak they have faith
in the Spanish will ...
Mark plow hammer and bugle
your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith!
Guide the mind and the hand until the end,
the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!</poem>{{Clear|left}}

===Franco-era lyrics===
Lyrics were adapted from an earlier version on 1928 written by [[José María Pemán]] (1897–1981) during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Miguel Primo de Rivera.<ref>{{ws|[[:es:s:Marcha Real de España (José María Pemán)|Marcha Real de España (José María Pemán)]]}} (Original text in Spanish)</ref> The changes, made by Peman himself, intended to fit the symbols of the extreme [[right-wing]] ideology of [[General Francisco Franco]], referred to as [[National-Catholicism]], which were the "salute with the extended right arm" and the "[[yoke and arrows]]". The yoke and arrows were the appropriated symbol of [[Falangism]] in Spain.

There were no singular official lyrics at the time,<ref name="auto"/> though they became popular in certain contexts. In fact, the school textbook "Enciclopedia Álvarez" featured different lyrics that were taught to children.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072108/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12143855329039384654435/005073.pdf Dramatización sobre ''El Florido Pensil''], de [[Andrés Sopeña Monsalve]], Barcelona, Crítica, 1994, ISBN 84-7423-673-8</ref>

==Interpretation and etiquette==
{{refsection|date=December 2016}}

[[Military band]]s of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]] and the [[National Police Corps of Spain]] and civilian [[Marching band]]s and [[Concert band]]s play the B flat-major version of the anthem adapted for wind bands (as arranged by Francisco Grau), and playing the A major version is optional.

The bugle call ''[[To the Colors]]'' in Spain is the version played by [[Fanfare band|Bugle band]]s in Spanish churches in religious occasions and processions organized by civil groups and the parishes. Various versions adapted for the drum and the bugle are used, even though brass instruments play the anthem as well. But in some bugle bands, the A flat version of the anthem (the old official one, adapted for the bugle) is played. Only a bugle call is sounded when the B flat version is played.

Being the national anthem, and played in honor of the King and the Queen of Spain, it is common for all to stand once it is played. Even though it is also played in church events, respect for the royal family is required by everyone in attendance; civilians stand at attention, and those in uniform salute when not in formation.

==See also==
* [[Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.csd.gob.es/csd/informacion/himno-nacional/ {{lang|es|El Himno Nacional Español se encuentra regulado por el Real Decreto 1.560/1997, de 10 de Octubre}}]
* [http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/espana/simbolosdelestado/Paginas/audiohimno.aspx The National Anthem (Prime Minister's Office site)]
* [http://nationalanthems.me/spain-marcha-real/ Streaming audio, lyrics and information about the {{lang|es|Marcha Real}}]
* [http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishlife/qt/anthem_english.htm 2008 Spanish National Anthem Lyrics in English] and [http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishlife/qt/anthem_spanish.htm in Spanish]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050415095901/http://www.lengua-translations.de/anthems/spain.mid MIDI File]
* [http://www.partidopopular.us/simbolos/espana.mp3 MP3 version by Band of {{lang|es|Regimento Inmemorial del Rey N°1}}]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041022192532/http://www.unamu.org/musica/espanola/himnonacional.htm UNANU] – The {{lang|es|Union Nacional de Antiguos Oficiales y Suboficiales de las Milicias Universitarias}} has a website about the anthem, with a complete instrumental version. Archived from [http://www.unamu.org/musica/espanola/himnonacional.htm the original] on 22 October 2004.
* [http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishlife/qt/anthem_english.htm English translation of the proposed new lyrics]

{{Nationalanthemsofeurope}}
{{Spain topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1761 compositions]]
[[Category:Royal anthems]]
[[Category:Spanish anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of Spain]]
[[Category:Compositions in C major]]
[[Category:Compositions in B-flat major]]
[[Category:Frederick the Great]]
[[Category:Charles III of Spain]]
[[Category:Isabella II]]
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